ASL Challenge Paper - 1016 Words

ASL is more than a language; it is a miracle. I find myself often perplexed by the difficulty that must have come with making a language solely from hands. It is amazing that there was a nationwide speaking of the hands for the deaf community and anyone who is interested to learn can join in easily, but only if they can hoop over some of the languages major challenges. In the article â€Å"Why is Learning American Sign Language a Challenge?† by Professor Mike Kent, he discusses the top 5 ASL challenges he has come across. The first challenge being social dominance patterns and attitude. This challenge is definitely a struggle for many new learners. People think that the deaf are nothing more than handicapped human beings that can’t do normal†¦show more content†¦Patience is key. The final challenge is that there are two types of motivations that gives people the will to learn sign language. These people fall into 2 categories. One, instrumental motivation is for all those people that want to benefit in there career with another language or are asked to take classes for a job. This person will just go to pass the tests but will quickly learn and forget the language. Even in our case as students it is technically an intellectual motivation for our degree but for many there is an actual reason they wanted to take ASL. When there is an outside motivation people are categorized as integratively motivated learners. These people have a significant person in their life that is deaf and only communicates through ASL or a friend or a colleague. Their motivation is stronger and the language will stick with them longer. If I had to choose one of the above 5 most challenging things about ASL, my personal challenge would be congruence and culture. As the article mentioned sometimes ASL can feel like a revolving door that becomes too late to enter if you miss some parts for new learners. I have found myself feeling this way often. Once a conversation starts going at (which often seem hyper speed) I feel helpless because I don’t know what’s going on when I miss important parts of the conversation. I find it also very challenging to not want to use my voice as I sign. I know deaf people I amShow MoreRelatedAlternative Communication Lesson Plan: Hey Helen Keller!1434 Words   |  6 Pagessigns in ASL. The students will be able to convert simple words into Braille. Required Materials: List all materials and equipment, including the text or other books, videos by title, etc. Give specific information so the exact video, book, etc. can be located by someone other than you. A copy of the book Who Was Helen Keller by Gare Thompson Dry erase board and marker Computer lab with internet access Laptop, digital projector, document camera, screen Networked printer and paper These websitesRead MoreHistory And Perceptions Of American Sign Language Essay2063 Words   |  9 Pagesof American Sign Language (ASL), it must be understood that it is a form of communication. That means every sign has a meaning that is culturally bound just like languages in oral communication. That also means that the language has a distinctive origin. In fact, ASL carries â€Å"several linguistic features that are similar to spoken languages† (Rosen, 2008) such as the presence of homonyms and its constant evolution (Shaw Delaporte, 2011). The unique concept about ASL, though, is that it actuallyRead MoreDisaster Warnings For The Deaf And Hard Of Hearing2456 Words   |  10 Pagesinformation (Ivey et al., 2014, p. 149). In examination of recent disasters including Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy, these individuals experienced higher risks of property loss, physical injuries, and death (Ivey et al., 2014, p. 149). This paper will address the shortcomings of past d isaster measures and proposed accessibility measures to demonstrate while improvements have been made to protect this population the complexity of their needs requires further research to be adequately identifiedRead MoreThe Importance Of Effective Interpersonal Communication Skills1264 Words   |  6 Pagesis a fundamental skill that nurses use every day to interact and communicate. These skills include clinical empathy towards patients, diverse cultural understanding, non-verbal communication and skills used to communicate with deaf patients. This paper will discuss why it is important for nurses to use effective interpersonal communication skills and tips to overcome elderspeak to help minimize patient complains within the healthcare practice. To create a healthy nurse – patient relationship, itRead MoreCsd 269 Study Guide Week 6 Essay2836 Words   |  12 Pagescategories do children’s first words usually fall into? names of animals, foods, toys, actions adjectives and social words (please, thank you, no, yes) 3. How does a sight-word reading vocabulary normally develop? when children see the words on paper, they associate the graphemes with a mental representation such as a picture, an experience, a sign or a spoken word 4. How do deaf readers store â€Å"reading by eye† words in their brains? the reader identifies letters by visual analysis andRead MoreWhy Not Animals Have A Language?1447 Words   |  6 Pagesnot, but does that qualify as them using language as we define it today or something else entirely? There are multiple studies and experiments that try to answer this question some were considered a success while others not so much. Throughout this paper I will be going through the basic history of these experiments and in my conclusion I will state my opinion as to whether or not animals might one day be able to communicate with humans. People have been trying to figure out if there indeed is aRead MoreLeadership1244 Words   |  5 Pages* Course Term Research Paper MAN2021 Research Paper.pdf  Ã‚   ***IMPORTANT*** LEADERSHIP, the topic of this paper, is covered in Chapter 10 of the text. It is to your benefit to read Chapter 10 before we cover it in the course in order to start your paper early. MAN 2021 Principles of Business Management Course Research Paper 1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to enable you to apply the concepts and ideas that you learn in class. Its intention is to complement your understandingRead MoreThe Is A Simple Term Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept. However, the word is. *insert quote*/citation. Just as we all perpetuate, to a degree, racism and sexism. We all perpetuate audism, even on an unconscious level. The society we live in supports audists beliefs and we are faced with the challenge of combatting those beliefs. Audism is the belief that hearing people are superior of deaf people, whether it is conscious or not. Before the coining of the term audism people were in a search for a term to describe the oppression of deaf individualsRead MoreA Jerney in to the Deaf World15812 Words   |  64 Pages enjoy a full command of language through exposure to ASL. Most Deaf children of Deaf parents function better than Deaf children of hearing parents in all academic, linguistic, and social areas. Some Deaf children of Deaf parents don’t realize that there are hearing people in the world until they are school age. Most Deaf parents have hearing children these ones are called â€Å"codas†. They frequently function bilingually, using ASL and spoken English with ease. It is a hard situationRead MoreIs Language Innate Or Modular?1360 Words   |  6 Pagesexposed to it throughout our development. The innatists theory states learning is natural for all human beings. The communication system is a large contributor to every human’s genetic makeup. However, some believe this isn’t true. An attempt to challenge this theory was Jane Goodall’s theory. Allen and Beatrix Gardner assisted Jane in her attempt to teach language skills to chimpanzees over a various course of time. Washoe and Sarah were two famous chimpanzees who became a part of a long language

Rosetta Stone An Innovative Technology Company - 1602 Words

Rosetta Stone is an innovative technology company that operates in the education field. Their competitive advantage lies in the idea that they are able to use the strengths of a technology company and apply them in the educational landscape where the competition appears to be more traditional. Through research and experience, Rosetta Stone has created a unique product that can be used all around the world no matter of the level of education of the person. Their first goal is to market themselves as an innovator in the technological world. They do not want to narrow themselves solely as a language platform, but instead as a resource for people from all around the world that have the desire to learn a new language using a proven and effective approach. The main strategic idea that Rosetta Stone is trying to achieve is to change the way people learn. They need financing to reach more customers and show that their learning strategy is not only great for languages but also to learn anythi ng else. Looking at the financial forecast provided in the case, it appears too optimistic because the real decline in growth only happens around 2012. Rosetta Stone being as successful as they are and going public soon will entice other companies to at least follow their lead and increase the competition in the technology and educational sector. This increased competition would cause revenue growth to decline at a faster rate than what management projects because similar companies would getShow MoreRelatedProject Analysis : Rosetta Stone1492 Words   |  6 PagesRosetta Stone is a technology innovative company that operates in the education field. Their competitive advantage lies in the idea that they are able to use the strengths of a technology company and apply them in the educational landscape where the competition appears to be more traditional. Through research and experience, Rosetta Stone has created a unique product that can be used all around the world no matter of the l evel of the person. Their first goal is to market themselves as an innovatorRead MoreRosetta Stone - Financials2164 Words   |  9 PagesThe Rosetta Stone is a leading developer of software for learning languages in the world. Rosetta Stone revolves around a very simple idea: learning a language should be fun, easy, and most definitely effective. Rosetta Stone began their business with one man’s quest for a better way to learn a language. The company’s idea came to the world when Allen Stoltzfus began studying Russian in 1980s and became very frustrated with his slow progress. He knew there was a better way to learn a language, throughRead MoreRosetta Stone Ipo Essay4810 Words   |  20 Pagesreason CFOs choose to provide an IPO on their firm is to create public shares for use in future acquisitions. While Rosetta Stone may not have immediate acquisition plans, the public offering of their shares will provide new capital for them to continue to expand. Only 5% of the ir revenue comes from outside of the United States, and with increased capital from an IPO, Rosetta Stone can look to pursue new markets (Schill, 2009). Whether they plan to increase their market share through internal investmentRead MoreShould We Stop Using Mobile Devices?1994 Words   |  8 Pages Technology has taken the world by storm, and it is fulfilling our creative, social, and intellectual needs like never before. Yet as wonderful and as this may be, there are those who believe that technology may be making us dumb. They are concerned that reliance on the internet and other technologies is lower human intelligence (Pinker, 293). In the essay â€Å"Mind Over Mass Media,† by Steven Pinker, he addresses these concerns and believes that there is no need for panic. Should we be worriedRead MoreFinal Project - Broadway Cafe4213 Words   |  17 Pageswith the City of Conway downtown revitalization project under way, Broadway Cafà © is certainly on its way. The first phase will include an analysis of what the Cafà © needs to do strategically in order to keep its present customers, while creating innovative ways to attract new customers. Naturally, we will be competitive with our pricing, but our primary focus is the quality of our service and products that matter to our customers. In moving toward our â€Å"extreme makeover†, we will have a few suggestionRead MoreFostering A Positive Work Environment Through Improving Workplace Communication3170 Words   |  13 Pagessetting, and that setting can be in the workplace, in an e-mail to our associates, or in a presentation to the Chairman of the Board. What Business communication does for everyone is provide a Rosetta stone so that we all understand what is necessary in the particular business setting we are in. By Rosetta stone I am alluding to the way each of act and react in a business setting. A quote given at a business school commencement in an article written by Prescott, M.H., (2015) tells us that â€Å"EveryoneRead MoreFastcat Phase 14319 Words   |  18 PagesRahul Balyan H11103 Rahul Krishnan H11104 TwisamDatta H11116 1 Executive Summary We recommend an egalitarian, flexible internal structure to achieve objectives. A set of compensable factors are identified and weighted as per the strategy of the company. Special emphasis is on taking forward the core competency of FastCat which is providing superior quality software with high degree of customization and innovation. In order to do so, we have divided the jobs into four job families: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · SupportRead MoreFuture Information Security Trends17051 Words   |  69 PagesMiska Simanainen, Vesa Kantola Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT / Aalto University Mika Rautila, Arto Juhola, Heikki Pentikà ¤inen VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ossi Kuittinen Sitra Executive Summary This report presents the major findings of the research project Kasi – Future Information Security Trends (Kasi – tulevaisuuden tietoturvatrendit) conducted by Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. The project isRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pageswere created. - Two by-products of the rise of village culture were the ownership of property and the specialization of trades. - Egyptians used hieroglyphics. - The Rosetta Stone, which was created in 196 or 197 BC, contains writing in Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Egyptian Demotic Script, and Greek. The major deciphering of the stone was done by Jean-Francois Champollion. - As hieroglyphics presented more opportunities than cuneiform, the language was used for commercial documents, poetry, mythsRead MoreStrategy Management18281 Words   |  74 PagesConfirming Pages Strategic Management CONCEPTS CASES FRANK T. ROTHAERMEL Georgia Institute of Technology rot12737_fm_i-xlvi.indd iii 17/11/11 7:37 PM Confirming Pages STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT: CONCEPTS AND CASES Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright  © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may

Dual Diagnosis free essay sample

What is the impact of complex health needs on the individual and mental health services? This essay aims to discuss the impact of complex mental health needs on an individual; it talks about the impact on mental health services on an individual Dual diagnosis refers to a condition whereby an individual suffers from an enduring mental illness and at the same time struggles with a co-existing drug or alcohol dependency issues (DoH 2009). Rassool (2002) describes dual diagnosis as a complex mental health problem which is a broad expression characterized by the presence of two inter-reliant disorders.The substances which are most commonly used by those with enduring mental illness are alcohol, cannabis and stimulants. People with dual diagnosis not only have two major struggles, however they also experience other complex issues such as homelessness, poor engagement with services, finances and legal issues which, results in the exacerbation of their mental state (DoH, 2002). This account aims to focus upon the impact of a complex mental health need and the services involved.The DOH (2002) acknowledges that providing services for someone both a mental health and a drug and/or alcohol problems is a very difficult task for frontline mental health services. The department reiterates that due to the complexity of the issues involved in the caring process, putting the service users at a high risk of suicide, relapse and consequently readmission to hospital. The involvement of multi- agencies in the provision of care though useful, tends to create gaps in the service provision if without effective coordination (Dorling 2003). DOH (2008) (refocus CPA) paved the way for a policy to clarify how care for individuals with a wide range of needs are ought to receive a high level of care coordination. The policy also clarifies that only this group of individuals will be subject to a CPA. Care plans and assessments will be used to address the various needs encountered by the concerned individuals. Care coordinators were identified as being very vital to ensure the care coordination process is person centred. Care coordinators will undergo nationally recognised training according to a national competences framework. Fisher et al 2004) supports that the treatment of individuals a dual diagnosis requires an effective integration of skills from both the mental health and chemical dependency fields. They also identify that due to the high mortality and morbidity of this group of clients, it is absolutely essential to provide the services in an integrated model. Research also shows that providing services separately to treat individuals with dual diagnoses is ineffective compared to the integrated services model (Graham et al 2003).Evidential proof has shown that suggests that people with dual diagnosis are more likely to suffer frequent relapses, hospital readmissions, and high incidences of suicide attempts, family problems, homelessness, and disruptive behaviour including violence (Drake 2005). The collaboration between social support and treatment agencies should clearly be effective and provide realistic treatment goals, taking into consideration that the services are scarce. The collaboration should be at all levels in order to cater for the varied and changing needs for the individuals with dual diagnoses (Bhui 2004).In 1998, the government developed a 10 year strategy to deal with drugs problem facing Britain. The government acknowledged that this was a serious problem posing a threat to the communities through drug related crimes. In the same report, the anti-drugs coordinator identified that the emphasis had just been put on tackling illegal drugs and he proposed that the misuse of legally obtainable substances such as alcohol and tobacco without medical intervention, was also closely related to illegal drugs problems and therefore needed addressing. In 2010, the government reviewed its strategy, and this time the strategy will be focusing on recovery. There are no fundamental differences as the onus still rests with the motivation of the individual to seek help and the emphasis on integrated service remains. Mental health services have the primary chief task of providing a widespread care for individuals with co-existing substance misuse problems. The general principle for this is that the mental health provision is better situated to provide services to those with complex needs.This process is called mainstreaming (Norman Ryrie 2008 ). The services are provided by teams such as assertive outreach, crisis management and long term care than the substance misuse services. In addition, it is expected that substance use services should support mental health services in this endeavour. Community drug and alcohol teams These are multidisciplinary teams offering a variety of treatment options. These will include assessment, detoxification programmes, maintenance programmes, individual therapy, specialist groups, alternative therapies as well as inpatient treatments.Referrals are made to these teams from many sources including health professionals, non-statutory agencies, probation, and social services and, in many areas, people who feel they would like help can refer themselves. Substance misuse can consequently have a negative impact on the nuclear and the wider family unit of the abuser, social and the wider community networks (Coppello et al 2005). This impact on family members sorely relies upon the different roles and responsibilities, for example: the parents of the drug abuser suffer more impact than the rest of the family members (Banard 2006).It affects them in several various ways such as: physical illnesses, education and employment and psychological illn esses. There is a strong possibility that family members experience negative emotions such as anger, shame, confusion, hurt and despair due to lack of knowledge of how to get help or lack of intervention or support from services (Templeton et al 2006). Children or siblings who undertake a caring role can face a risk of loosing their childhood, which can have a negative impact on schoolwork, health, conduct and friendships (Velleman and Templeton 2007).The provision and of services to meet the needs of family members and their involvement in the care of drug users, results in the enhancement and effectiveness of services and drug treatment and plummeting abuse (Velleman and Templeton 2007). It is imperative that services which are designated to offer expert help to family members and carers of drug users implement methods to amplify motivation and resilience because there is a tendency of loosing hope in the process (Templeton 2007).According to Banard (2006), family members play a vital role in influencing people with substance misuse problems to seek or accept help from services. Stanton and Heath (2005), believes that most partners of drug abusers experience physical violence, manipulation, pressure to release money to fund dr ugs and lying. Family members adults and children equally experience inevitable risks of developing numerous chronic problems such as substance misuse in their own right, physical sicknesses, involvement in arrangement of anti-social behaviours and unlawful behaviours (Hermine et al 2004).According to Richmond and Foster (2003), nursing staff exhibit a negative approach towards patients with a substance misuse issues, which results in a poor quality of care leading to reduced care which consequently worsen treatment outcomes. Some nursing staff might have an unenthusiastic approach towards treatment outcomes as some of them possibly will feel ill-equipped when engaging with service users with dual diagnosis, being judgemental and having pessimistic views towards treatment outcomes and dual diagnosis itself (Price 2002 ).Within the Mental Health services training is crucial in order to enhance knowledge about dual diagnosis, therefore improving quality of care provided and reduce feelings of dissatisfaction amongst the nursing staff( Ralley et al 2009 ). Some service users with Dual Diagnosis have a difficulty connecting and engaging with services and receiving treatment. A proposition was made to the Mental Health Services to engage in playing a primary function in delivering integrated interventions for people with Dual diagnosis and this process is called mainstreaming (Department of Health 2008).NICE guidelines (2007) recommends that treatment of individuals with dual diagnoses must be psychological i nterventions that are evidence based and it provided the guidelines for the treatments such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Harm Reduction. In order to achieve effective treatment of dual diagnosis, interventions such as Cognitive Behavioural therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing and harm minimisation are can be helpful for (DD) treatment (DoH 2006). These treatments are used to increase compliance with medication and enhance engagement with services. Steps towards treatment involve creating a trusting and therapeutic relationship with the service user and this results in the service user being able to retain skills in managing his/her own illness and achieving milestones (Nordsky 2003). In order to achieve good treatment outcomes, a good assessment has to carried out. Assessment aims to identify the biospychosocial needs which then assist in formulating a good and a suitable care plan and a risk assessment for the service user (Drummond et al 2008). During the assessment of substance misuse it is mperative to note that most patients have a tendency of using more than one drug (polydrug) (DoH 2006). Clinicians have to use screening questions to ascertain the level of the recent substance misuse. Other investigations can also be made to identify quantity of drugs being used, frequency, and route being use and length period of time (DoH 2006). Clinician should also identify the level of understanding of the service user in regards t o consequences of substance misuse consumption to their physical and psychological wellbeing, and the negative impact it has on their social and family life (Baker and Dawe 2005). The involvement of carers and families during assessment helps to obtain valuable information so as to achieve an inclusive assessment which then helps to prepare an absolute care plan (Rassool 2006). Mueser et al (2003) advise that all the clinical staff must be trained in the basics of assessing substance misuse in people with severe mental illness. They add that the more in-depth training in substance misuse can be made available to a more targeted group of clinicians to provide expertise in that area.

Physical Development free essay sample

Throughout this essay we will look at the motor development of children in the middle childhood phase, the benefits physical activity has for children in this phase, how physical activity can either facilitate or restrict physical development and finally the strategies that will support physical development in the middle childhood phase. The motor development of children in the middle childhood phase includes a child’s gross motor and fine motor skills, their physical growth and cognitive growth both which occur simultaneously and have affects on each other (Croft Smith; 2008). The motor development skills that children begin to develop during the middle childhood phase come underneath two categories; gross motor development and fine motor development. The gross motor developmental skills that children begin to learn through the childhood phase are; running, jumping, hopping and they begin to develop more refined ball skills. Children also begin to improve skills in the capacity of flexibility, balance, agility and force. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The fine motor developmental skills that are acquired in the middle childhood phase are writing and drawing. Children’s writing tends to be large at first and legibility gradually increases, drawings show gains in organisation and detail. The physical development that occurs in children in the middle childhood phase are changes in both body size and proportion. Children tend to add 2 to 5 cm in height and 2. 5kg in weight each year and lose their 20 primary teeth one by one replacing them with permanent teeth that at first appear over sized in their small mouths (McDevitt Ormrod; 2010). In the middle childhood phase girls tend to have small growth spurts at ages 6? , 8? and 10 erupting permanent teeth sooner and progressing toward skeletal maturity earlier then boys as they have their growth spurts at ages, 5, 7, 9, and 10?. At ages 6 to 8 girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys, but by age 9 this trend is reversed. Girls in this phase of childhood slightly have more body fat and boys have more muscle, after the age of 8 girls begin accumulating fat at a faster rate. The co gnitive development of children in the middle childhood phase can be related to Jean Paigets theory of cognitive development (McDevitt Ormrod; 2010). In Piagets theory of cognitive development he divided the stages of cognitive development in 4 stages; the sensorimotor stage – beginning at birth, preoperational stage – beginning at about age 2, concrete operations stage – beginning at about age 6 or 7 and finally the formal operations stage beginning at ages 11 or 12 (McDevitt Ormrod; 2010). The concrete operations stage is the cognitive development stage that occurs through the middle childhood phase and spans from the ages 7-11. In this developmental stage children show many forms of logical organized and flexible thought. Also children are capable of conservation; they readily understand that if nothing is added or taken away, an amount stays the same despite the changes in shape or arrangement (McDevitt Ormrod; 2010)/ Although children displaying concrete operational thought, show many signs of logical thinking, their cognitive development is not yet complete (McDevitt Ormrod; 2010). The participation of physical activity for children in the middle childhood phase is important due to the fact it provides a large range of health benefits, mental health benefits and social skills. The health benefits of participating in physical activity for children in the middle childhood phase are; improved fitness, strength, flexibility and co-ordination. Also being physically active children are expected to have a longer life expectancy, have better managed weight, lower blood pressure and healthier cholesterol levels. It is also important for children due to the fact physical activity supports healthy growth and development of the cardio respiratory systems as well as bones, muscles and wide range of motor skills. The mental health benefits of physical activity in the middle childhood phase are; improved self esteem and confidence and reduction in stress, anxiety and depression. Also participating in physical activity improves mood and sense of well being, improves children’s concentration, enhances their memory and learning and allows them to perform better at school. Improvements in psychological wellbeing and mental awareness can arise from physical activity as well as reduced feelings of fatigue. The social benefits of physical activity for children in the middle childhood phase are; development of communication, interpersonal leadership and co-operation skills, creation of lasting friendships, and the increased interest in accepting responsibility. Physical activity teaches children how to deal with winning and losing, self discipline and leadership. Also physical activity provides a vehicle for responsible risk taking helps build social skills among children and may deter anti-social behaviour. Although physical activity has many benefits for it’s participators, those who are inactive for a long amount of time suffer the consequences of increase risk of dying prematurely, dying of heart disease and increase of developing diabetes, colon cancer and high blood pressure. Physical inactivity can also be the cause of people being overweight or obese. Being overweight or obese can increase a persons risk of having diabetes, high cholesterol, asthma, arthritis and an overall poor health status. Physical activity for children in the middle childhood phase is vital to the overall development of children. Cognitive, social and emotional developments are all linked to the physical activity of children. For infants and toddlers physical activity allows them to learn about themselves and the world around them, whereas children and adolescents build lifelong habits of being physically active. For children in the middle childhood phase the best way to facilitate their physical development and development in other is organised sports. Organised sports allows children to improve motor skills through repeated practice such as; running and kicking in soccer, swinging a bat in a aseball and increased motor co-ordination in gymnastics. Organised sports allows children to increase their social and emotional development by giving them the opportunity to have responsibilities as leaders, to give input on what they think is best, meet new people from other teams and increase their self-esteem through prolonged encouragement. However a child’s physical development does not only lie within the participation of sport. Small motor skills which are essential to a child’s physical development must also be taken into consideration. These small motor skills can be facilitated through simple activities such as; playing with clay, painting on an easel and drawing with chalk. These activities also enhance both the social and emotional development of children as it also allows them to communicate with each other if done in groups and increases self esteem by praising children about their work. Being physically active everyday is important for the development of children’s motor skills and development in social and emotional areas. To support the physical development of children the following strategies are ideal; vigorous and moderate physical activities, reduction in electronic use and media entertainment and activities that increase development in motor skills both gross and fine. The participation in both vigorous and moderate physical activities for at least 60 minutes each day is important to children’s physical development. Moderate physical activity allows children that aren’t encouraged to participate in sports to take brisk walks or bike rides. Vigorous physical activities enable children to ‘huff and puff’ and include organised sports; such as football and netball. Although these activities make children ‘huff and puff’ activities such as ballet and running have the same outcome due to the fact children typically accumulate activities in intermittent bursts ranging from a few seconds to several minutes. This strategy is effective for children due to the fact it facilitates their physical development without restricting development in any other developmental areas. Reduction is using electronics and media entertainment is a useful strategy to support the physical development of children. Reducing the use of electronics and media entertainment with children in the middle childhood phase is important because it would allow children to have the urge to participate in physical activity when they get older. This strategy is effective due to the fact it encourages children to participate in activities and will also facilitate their development in other key developmental areas (social and emotional). A proper nutritious diet gives children the energy to develop and grow. To help children maintain a healthy diet, it is important to concentrate on family nutrition and nutrition in school. Sugar, salt and fat intake should be limited and fresh fruits, vegetables and lean protein should be focused on. A nutritious diet is essential to supporting physical development due to the fact, to burn off the energy in a nutritious diet is easier then burning off energy from a diet high in salt, sugar and fat.

The Price Of Vengeance Essays - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible

The Price Of Vengeance Authority. Can it be abused? Abagail and the other girls in the play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller, strongly abused their position of power. Through the authority of the girls in the court, the Witch Hysteria came about in Salem. Because of the Witch Hysteria, false accusations of witchcraft were placed on members of the community in a form of vengeance from previous misunderstandings. Vengeance was seeking itself in Salem. ?Mary, why do you send your spirit on me The Witch Hysteria in The Crucible was the cause of all the problems, which will be further examined in the very near future. Abagail and the girls began to cry ?Witch? after Reverend Parris discovered them dancing in the woods early one morning with a fire and a kettle full of some sort of brew. As dancing was strictly forbidden, especially around a fire, a subtle thought of witchcraft was aroused in Salem. Reverend Parris was ecstatic about losing his ministry because he believed he was not well liked by the town's people. Parris was enraged at Abagail for her and the girls' actions in the woods as his daughter Betty lay in bed, so called ?witched?. Abagail and the girls dancing is discovered (Abagail is a servant who is in love with her former employer, John Proctor, who is married to Elizabeth. John Proctor committed adultery with Abagail. She was released from the Proctor home soon after). False accusations all begin at that point, a critical point in the play. As Abagail accuses Tituba of making her dance and drink blood, and revealing whom Parris and Hale think is the link to the Devil in Salem, Abagail is given a very extreme power, a power that will be greatly abused. Abagail and the girls begin accusing innocent people of witchery for their own personal gains. Vengeance and desire, not witchcraft, are the causes of these false accusations. Reverend Hale and John Proctor state this throughout the play, numerous times. Men and women of the town such as Ann and Thomas Putnam are seeking vengeance through the Trials, Goody Putnam for her lost children and Thomas for the children and his land disputes with Giles Corey. The girls are in love men and boys of the town, and that is what they are trying to gain from these inaccurate accusations. As these false accusations are made, Dansforth and Parris believe the girls, despite Reverend Hale and John Proctor's objections, but Dansforth does not want to reverse his previous guilty verdicts, because it could tarnish his name as a court judge in a sense. As a result, Proctor is accused of witchcraft, and is sentenced to hang unless he confesses. He refuses to confess to lies. As a result of the hysteria of a town, false accusations came about, vengeance was carried out and 19 people were hanged, all because power was put into the wrong hands. John Proctor and 18 other people lost their lives, their freedom, the common rights of man because authority refused to believe the truth and was caught up in the hype.

How to Write a Book in 10 Steps (The Ultimate Guide)

How to Write a Book in 10 Steps (The Ultimate Guide) How to Write a Book: The Ultimate Guide Just about everyone has thought of writing a book at some point - even if you don’t consider yourself a â€Å"writer,† you probably have an inkling of a book somewhere in your head. But whether you’ve only just had your lightbulb moment or you’ve been mulling over a great idea for years, there’s no time like the present to learn how to write a book!Of course, there’s no one-size-fits-all formula here, since every writer has their own unique process. No doubt you’ll discover what works for you over the course of your authorial journey. That being said, there are still certain things you absolutely need to know if you ever want to cross the finish line! We’re excited to share our very best tips, tricks, and other info in this all-inclusive guide to  how to write a book. How to write the book of your dreams in just 10 steps ðŸ“â€" âÅ"  1. Nail down your book ideaNailing down your book idea involves more than just being able to state what it's about - although that is part of it. To really nail down your book idea, you should be able to answer the three important "W" questions:What is it about?Why does it matter?Who will want to read it?Once you’re able to answer these questions, you’ll fill in the blanks of the following sentence:.For example: "CEOs will read my book about workplace culture because it offers insights into the practices of the top ten companies voted 'best places' to work in the USA."Or: â€Å"Female fantasy readers will read my book about the first queen of a patriarchal land because it’s unique and empowering to a new generation of fantasy fans.†Let’s break down the various elements of this equation and show you how to identify them in your own premise.The WhatThe  Ã¢â‚¬Å"what"  is the seed of your book. It’s the beginning of something, and before it can sprout into something more, you have to nail down the essence of what you want to say. This often coincides with the eventual theme of your book - but don’t worry too much about that right now.Instead, just figure out how you would describe your topic to someone in a single sentence. If someone were to ask you right now, â€Å"Oh, what are you writing about?† then the what would be your answer. Whether it’s an adventurous mouse’s tale (tail?) or a vegan cookbook, your â€Å"what† will become the crux of your book.On the off chance that you’re reading this guide and don’t yet have a â€Å"what† - you just know that you want to write a book - consider checking out some writing prompts to inspire you!The WhoIf you’re writing fiction, the â€Å"who† will typically come down to genre - â€Å"romance readers,† â€Å"fantasy readers,† â€Å"sci-fi readers,† etc. You’ll also consider ag e, i.e. if it’s a children's, young adult, or new adult novel.If you're writing non-fiction, it’s all about utility. Who will find the information in your book most useful? The exception here is memoir, in which case your readers may just be looking for entertainment. But if you’re writing a guide, an informative tell-all, or even a historical book, your target audience will be people who want to learn from you.No matter your wheelhouse, it’s extremely helpful to come up with a proto-persona for the person who’ll be buying your book. This should represent your ideal customer and is key to reaching your target audience. Coming up with a hypothetical reader makes it much easier to specifically write to them, which will make them more inclined to buy your book.The WhyAnd finally, the â€Å"why.† With the innumerable experiences and wild ideas that people have in their lives, we all have plenty of books that we could write. Indeed, as we reveal in the Reedsy podcast Bestseller, up to 81% of all people believe they have a book inside them. (Not literally - that would be a lot of stomachaches - but in the â€Å"potential writer† sort of way.)So why is this particular book the one you should write? And, just as importantly, why are you the one who should write it? What makes you qualified, and what makes you passionate about this particular subject? You need to determine a) why this book will matter to other people, and b) why you are the right person to address this topic.Your final result of answering these three "W" questions will be the essential thesis from which you work throughout this process. Once you have this prepared, you can move onto the next step: outlining.2. Outline your bookCreating an outline is one of the most important parts of writing a book - in addition to your â€Å"three Ws† thesis, your outline forms a huge part of the foundation on which you will build your book. Even if youâ€℠¢ve never worked from an outline before, or don’t think you need one (i.e. if you're a pantser, not a plotter), there’s no harm in cobbling one together. 9 Types of Editing: A Guide for Authors Read post If you don’t want to wait, or if you don’t trust your own judgment, you can get someone else to look over your manuscript with fresh eyes! Friends and family are a great resource, but consider looking for beta readers, or hiring one of those pro editors we mentioned.Don’t try to fix every issue at the same timeThese days we’re all apparently expected to multitask flawlessly, but take it from us: do not multitask your editing. If you’re doing it yourself, it’s best to break editing tasks down into a list and complete each item separately.For example, your first task might be to look for glue words and extraneous adverbs, your second task might be to break up run-on sentences, your third task might be to look for inconsistencies, and so on and so forth. Doing all these at once will surely lead to oversight - and exhaustion - so just take them on one at a time. You can go here to download a comprehensive editing checklist.7. Write the second d raftEdits all done? That means you’re ready for rewrites: the part where you actually transform your first draft into the second. It’s a magical process, even if does require a good deal of work. The following are some things to think about as you take this penultimate step of writing a book.Nail the opening hookLike reducing glue words, nailing the hook is another simple but pivotal fix you can make to your manuscript. That’s because both editors and readers are prone to quick judgements. If they positively judge your book by its cover and make it to the first page, the opening lines are the next test - and failure to pass could mean they give up on it entirely.Consider the following opening lines:â€Å"Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.† - Anna Kareninaâ€Å"We are going to die, and that makes us the lucky ones.† - Unweaving The Rainbowâ€Å"It was a queer, sultry summer, the summer they electrocuted the Rosenbergs, and I didn't know what I was doing in New York.† - The Bell Jarâ€Å"In the fall of 1993, a man who would upend much of what we know about habits walked into a laboratory in San Diego for a scheduled appointment.† - The Power of HabitThrough the use of strong statements or interesting anecdotes, each of these hooks creates intrigue right away. But that doesn’t mean you should go for clickbaity, flashy, second hand-car-salesman exclamations here. Rather, consider the aspects of your book that will naturally pique human interest, and lead with that.Rework those inconsistenciesInconsistencies are the plague of edits and rewrites: you have to deal with them or they’ll just get worse. So after highlighting them (or having someone else point them out) during the editing process, you need to prioritize inconsistencies in rewrites. Basic factual inconsistencies and superficial descriptive contradictions should be pretty quick to deal with. But f or deeper plot/structural problems, here are a few tactics you can try:1. Examine character dynamics. One of the most obvious indicators of inconsistent characterization is character dynamics - think of them as the canary in the coal mine. If character dynamics seem unnatural, there’s probably something else wrong†¦ probably because you haven’t made your characters well-rounded enough to sustain themselves.As a result, this is one of those fixes that will probably take some time. But if you sense something wrong with your character dynamics, don’t be afraid to take a deeper dive into overall characterization.2. Eliminate subplots. Luckily, this one's a bit less labor-intensive. Sometimes to root out confusing inconsistencies, you need to delete subplots or side stories that contradict either the main narrative, or your characters’ personalities and motivations. You may also have a subplot or secondary story that you love, but that doesn’t rea lly go anywhere. We know that cutting it out will be hard; just bite the bullet and do it.3. Explore different endings. The ending is often where spotty characterization rears its ugly head. For instance, a character who hates another character throughout the book does a 180 and falls in love with them (how many poorly plotted romances fall victim to this?). Or maybe a character who was seemingly making progress reverts to their previous, terrible self (we’ll call this the Andy Bernard phenomenon, one that any devoted fan of The Office will recognize).So don’t just leave a bad ending in place if it contradicts what would realistically happen. Again, it might be a lot of work to change, but your readers will thank you for â€Å"keeping it real† (as the kids say).Consider your conclusionSpeaking of your book’s ending, it’s important to consider not just potential inconsistencies, but the overall impact of your ending. Have you worked through all the problems you’ve posed throughout the book? Did you tie in all the themes you wanted to address, and does the ending subtly re-emphasize them? Will readers be satisfied with this point of resolution? (You may have to ask other people for their opinion on this.)Unlike rewriting your hook/intro, reworking your conclusion may involve going back throughout your book to insert other bits and pieces as well. For example, you might realize that you haven’t incorporated a certain theme enough for it to resonate in the conclusion. This means you have to retroactively work it into previous chapters. Again, don’t be afraid of the workload: embrace it as the thing that will make your book the best that it can be.8. Publish your book (if you want to!)Our heartiest congratulations to you - you’ve written a book! 👠 Your journey’s not quite over, though: now you get to decide what to do with it.Though we’ve titled this step â€Å"get it published,à ¢â‚¬  that’s not necessarily what you have to do next. Maybe you’ve written a book just to prove you that you could. But even so, it’s good to have the necessary information, in case you do eventually decide to pursue that route.Here’s a selection of our best resources on both traditional publishing and self-publishing, in the order that you’d most likely have to use them.Self-publishingIf you want to self-publish your book, but don’t know where to start:How to Self-Publish a Book (free course)All the considerations and requirements that go into self-publishing:The Essential Self-Publishing Checklist (blog post)For after you’ve self-published and you’re ready to start marketing:How to Create the Ultimate Book Marketing Plan (blog post)Traditional publishingWant to lock in a publisher before you start your non-fiction book?How to Submit a Non-Fiction Book Proposal (free course)If you’re hoping to acquire an agent who wil l represent your book:How to Write a Query Letter That Agents Can't Resist (free course)A comprehensive overview of traditional publishing:Traditional Publishing 101 (free course)Ultimately, what you do with your manuscript is up to you. But whether you keep locked in a chest (/untouched folder on your desktop) or publish it for all the world to see, just know that you’ve achieved something amazing - something you may not have believed possible just a few short months ago! So once again, well done. And if you do decide to publish, we can’t wait to see what you’ve created.  Ã°Å¸â€œâ€"Before you go, we can’t forget our last tip: once you’re finished, reach out to us with your top tips so we can add them to this post, and help other aspiring authors reach their goals. Or if you have some already, leave them in the comments below!

Analysis of the Effect of the Recession on Hypermarket Retailing Essay

Analysis of the Effect of the Recession on Hypermarket Retailing Industry in Brazil - Essay Example The economic reviews of Brazil’s retail industry out that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rates are cumulatively increasing year by year. The practice of consolidation of the hypermarket retail industry has been continuing but in general, the hypermarket remains comparatively fragmented, representing substantial span for the big players to develop their market strength in future. The leading 3 market players are controlling the hypermarket retail industry in Brazil; they are Pao de Acucar, Carrefour, and Wal-Mart. Other players are leading through acquisition. The recession affects the revenue of sales and the decline of the profit in the retail industry, Recession is defined as "a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real gross domestic product (GDP), real income, employment, industrial production and wholesale-retail sales" (What causes a recession? 2012). In this study, the recession affects the business of hypermarket retailing industry. Recession affects various aspects of business such as the purchasing power of consumers, buying behavior, and the income disposable level of people has increased significantly. There are many other factors that contribute to the fall in economy's into a recession, but inflation is the major reason for recession. â€Å"Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services† (All about Inflation 2012). Inflation indicates the general increase in the price of products and services over time period. The rate of inflation is higher; the consumers purchase lower percentage goods and services with the same price. The time of recession affects the hypermarket industry in Brazil; the major players of hypermarket industry in Brazil are Pao de Acucar, Carrefour and Wal-Mart. Recession mainly affects these companies because they are retail stores. â€Å"The ec onomic crisis makes low-price concepts particularly adapted, and all three international retailers can potentially benefit from this trend. Expansion in Brazil is still ongoing and a strategic focus for all three groups† (Carrefour, Casino and Wal-Mart’s Expansion Strategies in Latin America 2012). Hypermarkets provide durable and non-durable goods. The retail industry of Brazil is segmented in three parts, they are Grocery Retail Non-Grocery Retail Non-Store retail These three categories are the main drivers of Brazil’s retail industry. The retailing of grocery is at a constant growth, and has gained its sustainability to the growing people who belong to low income group. The hypermarkets and large retailers are focusing on grocery, and also investing on the non-grocery items such as foot wears, fashion clothing, and sundries. The retailer’s Wallmart and Carrefour focus on developing personal labels for their own clothing brands and footwear. The Recessio n Impact of Retail Industry: â€Å"A recession normally takes place when consumers lose confidence in the growth of the economy and spend less, this leads to a decreased demand for goods and services, which in turn leads to a decrease in production, lay-offs and a sharp rise in unemployment† (Malik & Pandit 2012). The impact of recession in retail industry will decrease the proper demand and also enforces stress on the prices, and leads to the absence of price-war in the retail market. To keep the consumers, the

The impact( positive and negative) on the customer relationship Essay

The impact( positive and negative) on the customer relationship management in the hospitality and tourism - Essay Example 221) stated that CRM has many definitions depending on different people and their industry and in most cases it is also referred to as relationship marketing. CRM can be defined as a marketing method that allows a company or an organization to use its available resources to establish a lasting relationship with customers, thus gaining a competitive advantage compared to its competitors (Mohammed & Rashid 2012, p.221). It can also be defined as a method of retaining clients using after sales strategies. CRM, if properly implemented, can be suitable for the hospitality and tourism industry considering that hotels and other industry players get lots of information regarding their clients. An effective CRM programme should ensure that the customers get the best experience, decrease management cost, source new customers and increase profitability (Sotoudeh 2006, p.1). This paper will critically look at  the impact of the customer relationship management in the hospitality and tourism. A dvantages Marketing CRM is an activity that helps to source for customers and retaining them (Ku 2010, p. 1085). CRM focuses more on retaining existing customers for repurchase than recruiting new customers as well as increasing client base through referrals from the existing clients. In most cases, companies use the available resources such as the employees, technologies and their databases to set up this system. These methods are cheaper than advertising and marketing to new customers. It ensures that the company grows their customer from the existing customer base. CRM can also help to indentify the lost customers or those that are almost moving out, to ensure they are won back. Long lasting relationship also helps to minimize the effects of the competition through word of mouth by their customers. They benefit financially due to a lower marketing cost. Ensuring Customer Satisfaction Customers should get value for their money from the services paid for. Repeat customers feel atta ched to the service providers and thus are able to bond with companies’ employees. The existing database can be analysed by the company to improve the services offered. In the hospitality sector, there is direct interaction between the company or its employees and the customers as they deliver their services. Proper interaction helps service providers understand their customers and thus help them develop proper plans that suit the customer’s needs. Having a direct interaction helps to develop trust between the involved parties. According to the study by Hashem (2012, p. 132) in Jordan, most hotels that use CRM has higher customer satisfaction. Relationship marketing together with CRM translates to repeat customers and customer loyalty (Shirazi & Som 2011, p. 82). Increase in Revenue Well designed CRM should help a firm reduce cost and increase revenue by enhancing client loyalty. It helps to put together information from within and without the organization. This inform ation can be used by the company to understand the market trends and specific customers’ needs. CRM helps to ensure customer satisfaction and, therefore, long term relationship. Company’s personnel interact directly with the consumers and their actions impact directly the customers (Kattara et al. 2008, p. 310). Good service by the employees leads to

Microcavitation in Ultrasound Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microcavitation in Ultrasound - Essay Example 3). Two effects are produced by ultrasound upon biologic tissues, thermal changes and microcavitation (par. 3). The development of minute bubbles in the tissues due to application of ultrasound is called microcavitation (par. 3). In diagnostic procedure, the sound waves emitted by the machine penetrates the tissues in the body and reflected back to the machine that forms an image that can be viewed on the screen (Roberts, par. 2). The body imaging procedure that uses ultrasound in diagnosis is called ultrasonography (Wedro 2). Ultrasound is utilized in fetal imaging and other bedside procedures (e.g. assessment of abdominal pain) (2). It is used in diagnosis, screening and therapeutic purposes (1). Ultrasound has been particularly useful in obstetrics. Despite the bubbles produced during the procedure, there has been no confirmed study that microcavitation has negative impact upon insonated fetal cells; the manner of releasing the ultrasound can minimize adverse effect though (Predan ic, Chervenak, and Reece 117-18).

Are Bureaucratic and Scientific methods of Management out of date?

Are Bureaucratic and Scientific methods of Management out of date? The ideas of the classical theorists, particularly those of bureaucracy and scientific management, are generally considered as rather old fashioned and out of date, and of little relevance to work and organisation today. Is this really the case? Consider the above statement through a critical examination of practices which can be identified in work today. In your analysis, you should draw upon appropriate academic material, and also other sources which can help in identifying current practices. These can include your own experiences from work, those of family relatives and friends, weblogs, working life diaries, newspaper articles and other media reports. Classical Management Theory is a Body of  management  thought based on the belief that  employees  have only  economical  and physical  needs, and that social needs and need for  job-satisfaction  either dont exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, this school  advocates  high  specialization of labor, centralized  decision making, and  profit maximization. (www.businessdictionary.com) To have originated at the end of the nineteenth century and in the beginning of the twentieth century, the Classical Management Theory dominated management thinking in the 1920s and 1930s by emphasising on the efficiency of the work process. Classical Management Theory has three schools of thought, Scientific Management, which identifies the best way to do a line of work; Bureaucratic Management, which focuses on rules and procedure, hierarchy and clear division of labour; and Administrative Management, which emphasises the flow of information within the organisation. (www.le hren.org) The aim of this essay is to discuss the three schools of thought of Classical Management Theory and to find out that whether they have really become outdated and are of little relevance to work and organisation in todays world. Frederick Taylor is known as the begetter of Scientific Management. Taylors approach was to increase organisational productiveness by raising the efficiency level of the production process through emphasising on the empirical research. Especially in the United States where labour was in short supply, especially the skilled labour, at the start of the twentieth century and the only way of increasing productivity was by raising the efficiency of the workers. Scientific Management states that the line of work should be designed in such a way that every worker has a well-controlled and well-stipulated task, and specific methods and procedures are strictly followed for each job. (www.lehren.org; Cole, 2004) Taylors management theory is founded upon a fundamental belief that managers not only are intellectually better than an average employee, but they have a positive duty as well to oversee staff and to organise their work activities. Therefore, his theory was only used on low-level repet itive and routine tasks which could be easily managed at supervisory level. Taylor developed four principles for his theory of Scientific Management. First principle is to scientifically develop best methodology to perform each task. Second principle is that managers should make sure that the best person is picked to perform the task and to make sure that he/she gets the best training. Third principle is that managers are responsible for assuring that the best person selected for the job does it by applying the best methodology. Last principle Taylor developed was that total responsibility for the work method should be removed from the worker and should be passed on to the management, and the employee is only responsible for the actual work performance. (Cole, 2004; Boddy, 2005) On production-line time studies Taylor has based his management system. Taylor contrived the best and quickest methods of performing each component by breaking down each job into its components and applying time study as his base. He also tried to persuade employers to pay a higher rate to more productive workers. In the early parts of twentieth century Scientific Management Theory became very popular as its use was shown to lead to improvements in productivity and efficiency in organisations and businesses. Max Weber is known as the father of Modern Sociology. He had first used the term bureaucracy to describe an organisational form which in his view was superior to others. He viewed an ideal organisation to be bureaucratic whose divisions of labour were clearly expressed and whose objectives and activities were rationally thought. He believed that performance evaluation should entirely be made on the basis of merit and that technical competence should be emphasized on. The key elements of a bureaucracy are defined by Weber as: A clear chain of command within a well-defined hierarchy where the top post holders have the authority and the right to control the lower post holders; Specialisation of skills and clear division of labour, where every employee will have the authority and essential expertise to finish a particular task; In writing, accurate and complete rules and regulations, to control and govern all decisions, activities and situations; Distant relationships between employees a nd managers, with clear duties of personnel and statements of the rights; And all the decisions regarding selection, recruitment and promotion will be made on the basis of technical competence. The framework Weber provided for his theory of Bureaucratic Management advanced the formation of many huge corporations such as Ford. (www.lehren.org; Stoner et al, 1996) Henri Fayol a French industrialist was one of the most influential management thinkers who developed one of the Classical Management Theory known as Administrative Management. Scientific Management theory was concerned with increasing the productiveness of the shop floor while Fayols theory grew out of the need to find guidelines to manage complex organisations like factories. An early effort pioneered by Fayol was to identify the skills and principles that underlie effective management. According to Cole (2004), Fayol believed that sound management falls into certain patterns which once identified can be analysed, so he focused on management of business operations, which he felt had been the most neglected. He developed fourteen general principles of management based on his management experience. It was generally believed that mangers are born not made, before Fayol. He insisted that management was a skill like other skills which could be taught and learned once the principles under lying it were understood. The ideas Classical Theorists have presented still have many applications in the management of todays organisations but with some modifications. Managers of today are facing many internal challenges which are similar to the ones faced by the managers during earlier periods. Like Taylors concern for increase productivity of workers is still shared by managers. The Scientific Management theory is still relevant, even today but it is not as popular as it was in the past. The job design it presented is still widely used in industries today and has made most of the industrial work repetitive, tedious, menial and depressing, and can be noted for example in fast-food restaurants like KFC and McDonald and in assembly lines of automobile manufacturers. McDonalds divides its operation into a number of tasks such as operating a deep fryer or cooking operation, supervising and assign people to perform the tasks. The modern mass automobile assembly lines pour out finished merchandises faster than Taylor could have ever thought off or imagined. In addition to this, the efficiency techniques of Scientific Management are used in the training of Surgeons. Armies in the past employed the Scientific Management theory and armies of today still employ the same theory. Of the main points listed select workers with appropriate or necessary skills for each job, a standard method to perform each task, training for standard task, eliminating interruptions and wage incentive for increasing output and planning work all but wage incentives are used by modern military for increased output. Wage incentives usually appear in the form of skill bonuses in armies. Furthermore, industrial engineers of today are also taught Scientific Management methods which include job-tasks analysis, time and motion studies and detailed production planning regarding the field of operation research and management. In United States Bureaucratic Management is still used by service-based organisations like libraries. Libraries of Wichita State University are one concrete example where Webers Bureaucratic Management ideas are still applied. Postal service in United States is also still using bureaucracy. (www.biz.colostate.edu) Piece rate and mass production line systems are still being used in the manufacturing and garment industries of Mauritius. Sea-food hub is another industry where the Classical Management Theories are also applied. But since the emergence and formulation of the Classical Management Theories in the nineteenth century the economic landscape has rapidly changed. Businesses of today do not exist in a vacuum. They have become open systems with dynamic and constant interaction with the environment. Business environment of today is highly competitive and global, and managers of today are increasingly becoming aware of the business environment and its effects. There are two types of business environment known as the internal and the external environment. Factors that can be relatively controlled by the organisation relates to the internal environment. These factors are the employees, owners, customers, suppliers, pressure groups and authorities. The external environment constitutes of Political, Economical, Social and Technological (PEST) factors that cannot be controlled by the organisation. (Boddy, 2005) Business environment of today is characterised with uncertainty, changes and innovation. At the same time concern about the natural environment has also emerged worldwide. Current natural concerns are climate changes, pollution, ozone depletion and other global issues like population and food security. It is becoming more challenging because of the commotion in the financial sector and global economic slowdown. Businesses must adapt to the environment at all cost or die. As McDonalds have concluded managers of today have to be concerned not only with the scientific facts but with the environment and the public perception. The business environment in todays world is becoming exceedingly competitive and tough for organisations. The level of competition in almost every sector is intensifying. New opportunities and threats are being created constantly due to the changes in technology. Every aspect of the business environment is sweeping with rapid change and prompting the managers to rethink the ways in which they do things. Smart companies are those which are working hard to improve their productivity, efficiency, testing new initiatives and adapting to the changing environment and technology in order to differentiate themselves from the competitors existing in these highly competitive business environments. The command and control style of management which was presented in the Classical Management Theories will work in an environment where there is plenty of room for error and both competition and change is limited, but in todays age of communication and computing it is impossible for such a case to exist. Things are changing very quickly in todays business environment and profit margins for organisations are reducing, and in addition to this more and more things are happening on a continuous basis. So due to the rapid pace at which changes are occurring, it has become important for organisations to push down decision-making to the level in the organisation that has all of the relevant information at the time when a decision has to be made. This calls for quiet different management attitudes, and demands for a flexible and democratic point of view and that accountability must be delegated, but all these things are not present in the Classical Management Theories. So for organisations to compete successfully with other organisations at national and international level, managers must act as entrepreneurs and try to create new business models that is to re-plan, strategize, rethink, learn continuously and innovate. The most important source for businesses to gain competitive advantage and sustainable development is innovation and innovative management. The theories presented by the classical theorists cannot cope with the dramatic and rapid changes of the business environment. Every procedure, standard ratio, process and rule of thumb is being challenged and re-engineered. Classical Management Theories which once were reliable guides for managers now are not enough for mangers to base their decisions and take actions upon them. So to conclude, organisations today are mostly influenced by the external environment (continuous technology change, globalisation, fierce market share competition, hiring and retaining front line workers and executives) that often fluctuate with time. Yet Classical Management Theories only portrays the image of an organisation that is not shaped by the external influences. In todays world of Classical Management Theories are gradually fading and the principal reason behind this is that people and their needs are considered as secondary to the needs of an organisation by Classical theorists. Nowadays, Human Resource Management has also very seriously challenged the scientific approach. Furthermore, in organisations the Bureaucratic Management is rapidly giving way to the Matrix structure. However, Classical Management Theories are still important because they had introduced the concepts of management for intellectual analysis and provided ideas which were further developed by the sub sequent management schools of thought. References Boddy, D. (2005), Management An Introduction. 3rd ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Classic School Of Management, [online] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/classical-school-of-management.html [Accessed 8 December 2010]. Cole, G.A. (2004). Management: Theory and Practice. 6th ed. London: Thomson Learning Management Evolution, [online] Available at: http://www.biz.colostate.edu [Accessed 8 December 2010]. Module: Fundamentals of Organisation. [online] Available at: http://lehren.org/foundations/fundamentals.htm [Accessed 8 December 2010]. Stoner, J.A.F., et al (1996). Management. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

british punk Essay -- essays research papers

Punk This is Peter Inskip coming to you live from triple j, with this week’s segment in our ‘Music and Society’ series. For the next half hour we’ll be looking at the punk music scene starting in the mid-seventies. Punk was born in the early 70’s in New York, and is still evolving. No other style in the history of rock, has been so uncompromising, or made such a dramatic impression as Punk Rock. The two versions of punk, the original American and its British descendent, were very different. British punk was aggressive and angry. It demanded immediate change and had no interest in working for the solution. The Sex Pistols typified British Punk with such songs as "Anarchy In The UK," which did not give a thought to anarchy's effect. American punk seemed lazy by comparison. It was sarcastic where the English version was more violent; the British pushed one step further, thus gaining more recognition. The first of the punk rock bands to be signed up with a record company were the Ramones. The Ramones survived through to the mid 90’s and still have a huge following. In that time they released over a dozen albums, most of their songs are short and simple three or four chord arrangements. Artists like the Ramones, Patti Smith, Television, Talking Heads, and Blondie, came out of the U.S, but Punk took on greater strength in England, where Bands such as the Sex Pistols, the Damned, the Clash, and the Buzzcocks emerged with more aggression than their softer Amer... british punk Essay -- essays research papers Punk This is Peter Inskip coming to you live from triple j, with this week’s segment in our ‘Music and Society’ series. For the next half hour we’ll be looking at the punk music scene starting in the mid-seventies. Punk was born in the early 70’s in New York, and is still evolving. No other style in the history of rock, has been so uncompromising, or made such a dramatic impression as Punk Rock. The two versions of punk, the original American and its British descendent, were very different. British punk was aggressive and angry. It demanded immediate change and had no interest in working for the solution. The Sex Pistols typified British Punk with such songs as "Anarchy In The UK," which did not give a thought to anarchy's effect. American punk seemed lazy by comparison. It was sarcastic where the English version was more violent; the British pushed one step further, thus gaining more recognition. The first of the punk rock bands to be signed up with a record company were the Ramones. The Ramones survived through to the mid 90’s and still have a huge following. In that time they released over a dozen albums, most of their songs are short and simple three or four chord arrangements. Artists like the Ramones, Patti Smith, Television, Talking Heads, and Blondie, came out of the U.S, but Punk took on greater strength in England, where Bands such as the Sex Pistols, the Damned, the Clash, and the Buzzcocks emerged with more aggression than their softer Amer...

The Psychological Effects Cults Have on People

This paper will address the meaning of the word cult. While also touching briefly on why its difficult to describe what a cult is and how it could be compared to Christianity and Jews. I also give some examples of people who started groups/cults with the art of persuasion; Leading some of their member to even commit murders and suicide. Finally by the end paper one would fully understand the roles cults play in the physiological process of a person. For many years, cult leaders always had a psychological hold on their followers' minds. Whether it was to kill other people or to kill themselves, they did it without question. Some cult leaders used fear, violence and guilt as a means of a weapon to control the minds of their followers. Other cult leaders used persuasive and spiritual speeches that made their followers believe they were doing good and fulfilling God's plan. Because cult leaders are powerful through psychological offenses, the people that belong to their cults are brainwashed into doing things they wouldn't normally do in their right state of mind. For years, there have been problems surrounding the definition of the term ‘cult'. The literal and traditional meanings of the word cult, which are more fully explored at the entry Cult (religion), come from the Latin cultus, meaning â€Å"care† or â€Å"adoration,† as â€Å"a system of religious belief or ritual; or: the body of adherents to same. † In French or Spanish, culte or culto simply means â€Å"worship† or â€Å"religious attendance†; therefore an association cultuelle is an association whose goal is to organize religious worship and practices. The word for â€Å"cult† in the popular English meaning is secte (French) or ecta (Spanish). In formal English use, and in non-English European terms, the cognates of the English word â€Å"cult† are neutral, and refer mainly to divisions within a single faith, a case where English speakers might use the word â€Å"sect†. Hence Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Pro testantism are cults within Christianity. However, in common usage, â€Å"cult† has a very negative connotation, and is generally applied to a group in order to criticize it. Understandably, most groups, if not all, that are called â€Å"cults† deny this term. Some groups called â€Å"cults† by some critics may consider themselves not to be â€Å"cults†, but may consider some other groups to be â€Å"cults†. Although anti-cult activists and scholars did not agree on precise criteria that new religions should meet to be considered â€Å"cults,† two of the definitions formulated by anti-cult activists are: Cults are groups that often exploit members psychologically and/or financially, typically by making members comply with leadership's demands through certain types of psychological manipulation, popularly called mind control, and through the inculcation of deep-seated anxious dependency on the group and its leaders. Cult: A group or movement exhibiting a great or excessive devotion or dedication to some person, idea, or thing and employing unethically manipulative techniques of persuasion and control designed to advance the goals of the group's leaders to the actual or possible detriment of members, their families, or the community. The Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines cult as: â€Å"a religion regarded as unorthodox or spurious; also: its body of adherents. Indeed, any religion involving unconditional worship and unquestioning obedience to God could be labeled as a cult (using the derogatory suggestion of the word), since such a religion would have that high level of dependency, obedience, and unwavering compliance ascribed to cults by definition. Many mainstream religions still require their members to believe in God unquestioningly, to have faith that he is good and that what he does is good, to consider one's own wants and needs as unimportant while accepting the will of God as par amount. All of these are certainly characteristics commonly attributed to cults, but while it would not be unreasonable to apply this definition of a cult to any dogmatic religion that requires strict compliance with God's word and will as a condition of membership, the notion of applying the word â€Å"cult† to Christianity, Islam, Judaism, or any other major world religion today is considered absurd. There are those who make this very claim: that those who worship God fit the classic depiction of cult members in their dogmatism, unswerving obedience, and denial of self. This highlights the problematic nature of defining what is and is not a cult. The problem with defining the word cult is that purported cult members generally resist being called a cult, and the word cult is often used to marginalize religious groups with which one does not agree or sympathize. Some serious researchers of religion and sociology prefer to use terms such as new religious movement (NRM) in their research on cults. Such usage may lead to confusion because some religious movements are â€Å"new† but not necessarily cults, and some purported cults are not religious or overtly religious. Where a cult practices physical or mental abuse, some psychologists and other mental health professionals use the terms cult, abusive cult, or destructive cult. The popular press also commonly uses these terms. However, not all cults function abusively or destructively, and among those that psychologists believe are abusive, few members would agree that they suffer abuse. Other researchers hold the view that classifying a religious movement as a cult is generally used as a subjective and negative label and has no added value; instead, they argue that one should investigate the beliefs and practices of the religious movement. The field of cults and new religious movements is studied by sociologists, religious scholars, and psychologists and psychiatrists. The debates about a certain purported cult and cults in general are often polarized with widely divergent opinions, not only among current followers of a purported cult and disaffected former members, but sometimes even among scholars and social scientists. Psychologists, among them those specialized in group psychology, studied what cognitive and emotional traits make people accept to join a cult and to stay loyal to it. Some groups, particularly those labeled by others as cults, view the designation as insensitive, and feel persecuted by their opponents whom they often believe to be part of the â€Å"anti-cult movement†. Such groups often defend their position by comparing themselves to more established, mainstream religious groups such as Catholicism and Judaism. The argument offered in this case can usually be simplified as, â€Å"Christianity and Judaism can also be defined as cults under some definitions of the term, and therefore the term cult is superfluous and useless. Members of groups referred to as cults have been known to engage in long discussions over the definition of the word â€Å"cult. † Critics of alleged cult groups state that by doing so, these persons have been known to waste large amounts of time and effort that would be better spent examining the actions of the groups in question, in order to reveal why these groups are referred to as cults. Another problem with writing about cults comes about because they generally hold belief systems that give answers to questions about the meaning of life and morality. This makes it difficult not to write in biased terms about a certain cult, because writers are rarely neutral about these questions. Some writers who deal with the subject choose to explicitly state their ethical values and belief systems to deal with this difficulty. For many scholars and professional commentators, the usage of the word â€Å"cult† applies to abusive behavior, and not to a belief system. For members of competing religions, use of the word remains pejorative and applies primarily to rival beliefs, and only incidentally to behavior. In the sociology of religion, the term cult is a part of the subdivision of religious groups into sects, cults, and denominations. In these terms, it is a neutral term, referring to a religious movement with novel beliefs and a high degree of tension with the surrounding society. Cults, in this sense, may or may not be dangerous, abusive, etc. By this definition, most of the groups which have been popularly labeled cults are indeed cults. In some cults people don't join them, they are recruited by the cults. Philip Zimbardo explains, â€Å"People join interesting groups that promise to fulfill their pressing needs. They become cults when they are seen as deceptive, defective, dangerous, or as opposing basic values of their society† (Zimbardo 212). The fact is, the recruitment techniques that cults employ are quite effective. Cults obviously want to be successful, so they seek to recruit the most capable people who can effectively serve them. Many cult members are doctors, lawyers, professors, and high profile celebrities responsible citizens. This is why some cults have survived for decades and functioned efficiently despite a high turnover rate, public disapproval and angry parents. People often believe cult members must have been neglected by their families. But this conclusion is in sharp contrast to the actions taken by many concerned families who will devote their money and time in intervention efforts to bring their children out of such groups and home again. Zimbardo urges people not to stereotype cult members. Rather than asking â€Å"What kind of people join cults? he suggests we should instead ask, â€Å"What was so appealing about this group that so many people were recruited/seduced into joining it voluntarily? What needs did the group fulfill that were not met by ‘traditional society? ‘† (Zimbardo 126). It is also important to note that cults make many promises to potential recruits in the initial phases of induction–it is often not until months or years later that the recruit reali zes that these promises were ploys to gain their compliance. However, by that time, the member is already submerged in the group and likely in submission to and under the undue influence of its leadership. Since at least the 1940s, the approach of orthodox or conservative or fundamentalist Christians was to apply the meaning of cult such that it included those religious groups who used (possibly exclusively) non-standard translations of the Bible, put additional revelation on a similar or higher level than the Bible or had practices deviant from those of traditional Christianity. These unorthodox groups can be rather large or small. Understandably, these groups deny that they are cults. By 1967, Charles Manson had spent most of his adult life in jail, mostly for such offenses as car theft and credit card fraud. He also worked some time as a pimp. He gathered a group of followers, which he referred to as the Family, a group bound together by fanatical loyalty to Manson, and an abolishment of all moral precepts. He soon afterwards moved to Los Angeles, at first basing himself and the Family in Pacific Palisades and then taking over an unused ranch in the western San Fernando Valley formerly used to make western movies, the Spahn Ranch. Inspired by the Beatles song â€Å"Helter Skelter† and other songs off the White Album he became convinced of an impending race war and nuclear attack, based on Biblical prophecy in the Book of Revelation. He implied to his followers that he was Jesus Christ, saying he had died before, some 2000 years ago. However when asked directly in court he said, â€Å"I may have implied on several occasions to several different people that I may have been Jesus Christ, but I haven't decided yet what I am or who I am. (Bugliosi 341) Around the time the family was formed, he is said to have begun calling himself by a slightly different name, Charles Milles Manson (his real name was â€Å"Charles Willis Manson†), allegedly because it could be read symbolically as â€Å"Charles Will Is Man's Son†. Although only a few members of the Family came to national attention, the Family itself seems to have been quite a significant size, estimates of up to 100 people (of varying degrees of involvement) associated with the Family have been quoted beyond the â€Å"hard core† of around 30. On the night of August 9, 1969, Manson directed some members of the Family to commit murder. These were Charles â€Å"Tex† Watson, Patricia Krenwinkel, and Susan Atkins, at or around midnight entered the home of actress Sharon Tate, wife of director Roman Polanski, who was eight months pregnant, and murdered her along with friend, Hollywood hairstylist Jay Sebring, and house guests Abigail Folger, the coffee heiress, and her lover Voytek Frykowski. Before entering the house, they had shot to death Steven Parent, an 18 year old youth who was leaving the property and had unwittingly seen the intruders. Linda Kasabian was the look-out and driver, and later received immunity for submitting evidence against the group. She told Manson, â€Å"I'm not like you, I can't kill anybody†(Bugliosi 312) and evinced shock and horror at finally seeing the pictures of the killings in court. The victims had been stabbed ferociously many dozens of times, and words were left on the walls in their blood. The following night in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles, California, businessman Leno LaBianca and his wife Rosemary LaBianca were also murdered in their home, once again by members of the Family. On this occasion, Manson apparently went along to â€Å"show them how to do it† with less tumult, and pacified the victims, tying them up before returning to the car to tell his followers to commit the murders. There was no apparent connection between the victims of the murders, but the crimes were prosecuted by Los Angeles assistant district attorney Vincent Bugliosi in a single trial. Members of the Manson Family had previously been responsible for the murder of Gary Hinman, a music teacher, in Topanga and were suspected of other murders. They claimed a total of some 35 killings, not counting those after the trial, of which several were considered likely or plausible, but were not tried on most of these either for lack of evidence, or because the perpetrators were already sentenced to life for the Tate/La Bianca killings. It begins with the Beatles, and with the Beatles' celebrated White Album that came out in 1968. In it, while tripping on acid, Manson heard the message that put it all together for him. There would be a war between blacks and whites; whites would lose. Manson and his followers would hide out in the desert when the slaughter took place. When it was over they would emerge from their hiding places and somehow convince the blacks that they should be made the leaders of this new world. He got all this not just from the Beatles but also from the Bible. Perhaps his most fascinating connection was to put side by side the Beatles song â€Å"Revolution 9† with Revelations 9 from the Bible. Revelations, the final book of the New Testament, has always been the favorite of mystics because its wild apocalyptic imagery is so bluntly addressed not to the literal but to symbolic consciousness. For those who read scripture not as a moral code of social behavior nor as a literal history book but as a symbolic rendering of a reality out of time and out of mind, the book of Revelations is the proof text. In the book Helter Skelter, Susan Atkins is quoted in saying â€Å"The whole thing was done to instill fear in the establishment and cause paranoia. Also to show the black man how to takeover the white man. † When asked to describe the start of Helter Skelter, she defined it as â€Å"The last war on the face of the earth. It would be all the wars that have ever been fought built one on top of the other†(293). To Manson, Judgment Day, Armageddon, and Helter Skelter were one and the same, a racial holocaust which would see the black man emerge triumphant. David Berkowitz became known as the ‘Son of Sam' after taunting letters from him to police investigating the case were published in newspapers. At a court in Brooklyn, New York, Berkowitz admitted all the killings which in 1977 had residents of three New York boroughs living in fear. He also admitted wounding seven people before he was arrested in August 1977. Berkowitz, who acquired his proficiency with guns through a three-year stint in the US army, said he had no motive other than â€Å"excitement† for carrying out the shootings. However, the Son of Sam nickname was adopted after Berkowitz used the term to describe himself in an anonymous letter to police in April 1977. The first killing attributed to Son of Sam occurred in July 1976 when 18-year-old Donna Lauria was shot as she sat in a car with a friend in the Bronx district of New York. However police did not realize there was a serial killer on the loose until another two people had been murdered and several more injured. The link was not made until March 1977 when it was found the gun used to kill Ms Lauria had also been used in the fatal shooting of 19-year-old Virginia Voskerichian. The press initially dubbed Berkowitz â€Å"the . 44 Killer† after the calibre of gun he used. â€Å"Unlike a number of other high profile criminals, Berkowitz kept to him self†(Terry xiv) He was eventually captured after being linked to the scene of the final killing through a parking ticket issued when he left his car parked illegally. Berkowitz quickly confessed and claimed he was ordered to kill by a neighbor's dog. He also admitted to being behind the unsolved stabbings of several women, all of whom survived. In June 1978 David Berkowitz was sentenced to 365 years in jail. Over the years Berkowitz has hinted he did not work alone. Conspiracy theorists believe Berkowitz was part of a satanic cult and that others were involved in the shootings. â€Å"The group's main goals were power, greed and terrorism. It is the embodiment of organized evil†(Terry xii). They also believe that the members in this satanic cult did not also work with Berkowitz, but also worked with Charles Manson and had been part of ‘the Family. The Peoples Temple was a cult that is best known for a mass suicide at Jonestown, Guyana, on November 18, 1978. The Temple was founded in 1953, at Indianapolis, Indiana, by Reverend Jim Jones. In Indianapolis, and at the California cities of Ukiah, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, where Jones extended new branches of his church, they earned a good reputation for aiding the ci ties' poorest citizens, especially racial minorities, drug addicts, and the homeless. Soup kitchens, daycare centers, and medical clinics for elderly people were set up, along with counseling programs for prostitutes and drug addicts who wanted to change their lives. Then disturbing accounts began to spring up, told by a few people who had succeeded in leaving the cult. â€Å"Jones has a power that operates on fear, guilt and extreme fatigue. While we were in it we did many strange things. We signed over all of our property. We wrote and signed false, self-incriminating statements. We had to admit that we were homosexuals and that we molested our children. We had to participate in painful punishments for such minor things as forgetting to call Jones â€Å"Father,† forgetting to pay a bill, or for giving a piece of candy to a child. Some of the punishments were beatings, humiliations and medications that made people appear to die (later to be resurrected by Jones). The beatings were intensely brutal. Many times the beatings would be done on children four and five years old. The board they used was three-quarter of an inch thick and about two and a half feet long. Children were beaten the number of times decided by Pastor Jones, often as many as 150 times. During the beating, Jim Jones would demand that a microphone be held to the child's mouth so that the audience could hear the groans of pain. The microphone was unnecessary as the screams could be heard throughout the whole building. After the beating the child or adult would be held up and forced to say, â€Å"Thank You, Father. † If they didn't say this, they would be beaten again. We were so frightened of him and his power that we would have sworn to anything he asked. We believed that he would always take care of us and would never harm us, even though we witnessed daily atrocities that should have convinced us otherwise. It is impossible to explain the effect of his brainwashing. We do know that it took months after we left to be able to think and act as normal, reasonable people†(Mills 13). Jones was stealing from his followers, faked the miracle healings, was punishing the members severely, practicing sodomy with male members, and now considered himself the new Messiah. By now, journalists, law enforcement officials, and politicians were showing interest in Jones' group. Jim Jones reacted with frequent long and angry speeches, where he claimed that the defectors lied, and the outside world was trying to destroy them. At the time, more former members told of beatings and abuse within the People's Temple, and relatives of members insisted that members were being forced to remain there against their will. Jones reacted by moving his church, over 800 followers, to Guyana. The followers were promised a tropical paradise, free from the wickedness of the outside world, but when they arrived, they were forced to work by Jones' orders, and together they built Jonestown. In November 1978, the cult was visited by Leo Ryan, a United States Congressman, who was investigating claims of abuse. A number of Temple members expressed a desire to leave along with the Congressman, and the entire group went to the local airstrip. Temple security guards fired on the group, killing Congressman Ryan, three journalists, and a Temple member who wanted to leave. The shootings were captured on film by one of the journalists who died in the attack. Later that day, Jones ordered his congregation to drink a cyanide-laced soft drink in the Jonestown mass suicide. Those who resisted were shot, strangled or injected with cyanide. Jones was found with a shot wound in his head. Upon investigation his body contained high doses of drugs. In all, 914 people died. Mind control theories are based on the premise that an outside source can control an individual's thinking, behavior or consciousness. Such theories have ethical and legal implications. The mind control theories as applied to membership in new religious movents assumes that no one would join such a group if he knew what he was getting into. In Helter Skelter, Bugliosi states about Manson's control over his ‘family' â€Å"A domination so complete, that they would do anything he told them to do. Including murder. Getting this evidence was especially difficult because Manson rarely gave direct orders. Usually, he'd suggest, rather than command, though his suggestions had the force of commands†(287). The recruit is not to be held responsible for his actions, since he was â€Å"under control†. Neither scientists nor sociologists generally consider this model a viable theory. Theories vary as to the degree of control attained and the methods used to attain it (either direct or more subtle). When these methods are used forcibly on captives, most sources refer to it as â€Å"brainwashing† Although to their followers, Reverend Jim Jones and Charles Manson were all messianic and each possessed the uncommon ability to totally control and dominate the lives of those who believed in them. Clearly, many influences from the outside world influence people's minds, such as advertising, media manipulation, and propaganda. Politics plays a role in the forming of cults. Charles Manson had a hatred towards police. In Helter Skelter, Manson states â€Å"I have x'd myself from your world. You have created the monster. I am not of you, from you, nor do I condone your unjust attitude toward things, animals, and people that you do not try to understand. I stand opposed to what you do and have done in the past. You make fun of God and have murdered the world in the name of Jesus Christ. My faith in me is stronger than all of your armies, governments, gas chambers or anything you may want to do to me. I know what I have done. Your courtroom is man's game. Love is my judge†(Bugliosi 412). His hatred was directed towards them because he believed that they were the ones that created him into a monster. Therefore, cult leaders are powerful through psychological offenses, the people that belong to their cults are brainwashed into doing things they wouldn't normally do in their right state of mind. Cult leaders used various ways of molding a follower's mind and brainwashing them to do things for them. Some cult leaders used punishments as a way of breaking the follower's that were resistant to their demands. Others used and perfected the art of persuasion. Either way, the mind of their followers or ‘family' are in total control of the leader.